Avifauna

INDIAN BIRDS IN THE IUCN RED LIST

IUCN Red List of Endangered Species lists 177 species of Indian birds in the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, and Near Threatened. These species are threatened with global extinction, and trade in these species is internationally banned. Many of these species are endemic to the Indian Subcontinent, which has special relevance for conservation of birds in India.

CRITICALLY  ENDANGERED

Himalayan Quail

Baer's Pochard

Pink-headed Duck

Siberian Crane

Great Indian Bustard

Bengal Florican

White-bellied Heron

Sociable Lapwing

Spoon-billed Sandpiper

Jerdon's Courser

Red-headed Vulture

White-rumped Vulture

Indian Vulture

Slender-billed Vulture

Bugun Liocichla

Yellow-breasted Bunting

ENDANGERED 

Green Peafowl

Manipur Bush-quail

White-headed Duck

White-winged Duck

Masked Finfoot

Lesser Florican

Greater Adjutant

Great Knot

Spotted Greenshank

Indian Skimmer

Black-bellied Tern

Forest Owlet

Egyptian Vulture

Steppe Eagle

Pallas's Fish-eagle

Saker Falcon

Swamp Grass-babbler

Banasura Chilappan

Nilgiri Chilappan

Nilgiri Sholakili

VULNERABLE  

    

Nicobar Scrubfowl

Chestnut-breasted Partridge

Swamp Francolin

Sclater's Monal

Western Tragopan

Blyth's Tragopan

Cheer Pheasant

Long-tailed Duck

Marbled Teal

Common Pochard

Andaman Teal

Yellow-eyed Pigeon

Nilgiri Woodpigeon

Pale-capped Pigeon

Dark-rumped Swift

Sarus Crane

Asian Houbara

Lesser Adjutant

Wood Snipe

River Tern

Andaman Serpent-eagle

Indian Spotted Eagle

Greater Spotted Eagle

Tawny Eagle

Eastern Imperial Eagle

Nicobar Sparrowhawk

Great Hornbill

Malabar Grey Hornbill

Rufous-necked Hornbill

Wreathed Hornbill

Narcondam Hornbill

Great Slaty Woodpecker

Andaman Woodpecker

Long-tailed Parakeet

Andaman Treepie

White-naped Tit

Grey-crowned Prinia

Broad-tailed Grassbird

Bristled Grassbird

Yellow-throated Bulbul

Jerdon's Babbler

Black-breasted Parrotbill

Rusty-throated Wren-babbler

Naga Wren-babbler

Tawny-breasted Wren-babbler

Snowy-throated Babbler

Marsh Babbler

Slender-billed Babbler

Ashambu Chilappan

Beautiful Nuthatch

Grey-sided Thrush

White-bellied Sholakili

Kashmir Flycatcher

White-browed Bushchat

White-throated Bushchat

Finn's Weaver

Green Avadavat

Nilgiri Pipit

NEAR THREATENED  

White-cheeked Partridge

Japanese Quail

Satyr Tragopan

Mrs Hume's Pheasant

Tibetan Eared-pheasant

Ferruginous Duck

Falcated Duck

Lesser Flamingo

Andaman Woodpigeon

Nicobar Pigeon

Ashy-headed Green-pigeon

Andaman Green-pigeon

Black-necked Crane

Little Bustard

Flesh-footed Shearwater

Painted Stork

Asian Woollyneck

Black-necked Stork

Black-headed Ibis

Dalmatian Pelican

Spot-billed Pelican

Oriental Darter

Great Thick-knee

Beach Thick-knee

Eurasian Oystercatcher

Northern Lapwing

River Lapwing

Eurasian Curlew

Bar-tailed Godwit

Black-tailed Godwit

Red Knot

Curlew Sandpiper

Red-necked Stint

Asian Dowitcher

Nicobar Scops-owl

Bearded Vulture

Great Nicobar Serpent-eagle

Himalayan Griffon

Cinereous Vulture

Rufous-bellied Eagle

Pallid Harrier

Lesser Fish-eagle

Grey-headed Fish-eagle

Ward's Trogon

Austen's Brown Hornbill

Malabar Pied Hornbill

Blyth's Kingfisher

Brown-winged Kingfisher

Yellow-rumped Honeyguide

Red-headed Falcon

Laggar Falcon

Grey-headed Parakeet

Blossom-headed Parakeet

Red-breasted Parakeet

Lord Derby's Parakeet

Nicobar Parakeet

Alexandrine Parakeet

Mangrove Pitta

Andaman Cuckooshrike

Long-billed Grasshopper-warbler

Nicobar Bulbul

Grey-headed Bulbul

Tytler's Leaf-warbler

Rufous-throated Wren-babbler

Blackish-breasted Babbler

Chevron-breasted Babbler

Rufous-vented Grass-babbler

Indian Grass-babbler

Chestnut-backed Laughingthrush

Giant Babax

Palani Chilappan

Yunnan Nuthatch

Nicobar Jungle-flycatcher

Rusty-bellied Shortwing

Firethroat

Estimation of total Nitrogen

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                        Jungle Babbler 

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Photography

Required Reagents

                                                

                                                    Required Reagents

S. No.                                          Reagents 

1 Nitrification  inhibitor 

2 Buffer solution

3 Glucose-glutamic acid solution

4 Phosphate buffer

5 Ferric chloride

6 Hgso4 (mercury sulfate) 

7 Stalk fluoride solution

8 Total ionic adjustment buffer

9 1,2-cyclohexylenediamine tetraacetic acid

10 Ferrous indicator 

11 Anhydrous sodium sulfate 

12 Bacl2 (barium chloride)

13 EDTA solution

14 Silver nitrate

15 Stalk silica solution 

16 Silica standard working solution 

17 Reducing agent 

18 Nh4OH (Ammonium hydroxide)

19 Ethyl alcohol

20 Murexide indicator

21 EDTA sodium salt

22 Erichrome black T indicator

23 Inhibitor 

s.no.                                 Reagents                Amount        

  BOD

1 Mgso4 (magnesium sulfate) extra pure                    500g                  

Alkali iodide azide                      -

Sodium thiosulfate  1M (1N)                    1lit                         

Starch solution                  125ml

Phosphate buffer                    1lit

Glucose-glutamic acid solution                  500ml

Nitrification  inhibitor                    35g

Ferric chloride                   500g

 COD

Hgso4 (mercury sulfate)                   100g

Ferroin indicator                   100ml

 

Oil and grease

Anhydrous sodium sulfate                       -

Sulfate (SO4)

Buffer solution                       -

Bacl2                    500g

HARDNESS

Erichrome black T                     25g

Standard EDTA solution 0.01M                    100g

Murexide indicator                    100ml

 

CL (chloride)

AgNO3 (Silver nitrate) 0.02N                      10g

Silica 

Oxalic acid solution                     100ml

Redusing agent                     200ml

Silica standard working solution                          -

Fluride (F)

Glacial acetic acid                     100ml

Ethyl alcohol                     100ml

VEGETATION

                                                                     VEGETATION

S.NO BOTANICAL NAME FORM( TREE/SHRUB/HERB/GRASS)       FAMILY

1 Pongamia Pinnata Tree Leguminosae

2 Ficus hispida Tree Moraceae

3 Phoenix acaulis Shrub Arecaceae

4 Phyllanthus leucanthus Phyllanthaceae

5 Boerhavia diffusa Shrub Nyctaginaceae

6 Typha angustifolia Grass Typhaceae

7 Prosopis cineraria Tree Leguminosae

8 Calotropis procera Shrub Apocynaceae

9 Cynodon dactylon Grass Poaceae

10 Abutilon indicum Shrub Malvaceae

11 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae

12 Euphorbia hirta Herb Euphorbiaceae

13 Ficus religiosa Herb Moraceae

14 Indigofera pulchella Shrub Leguminosae

15 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae

16 Parthenium hysterophorus Herb Compositae

17 Azadirachta indica Tree Meliaceae

18 Clusia rosea Tree Clusiaceae

19 Tridax procumbens Compositae

20 Cassia tora

21 Sida cordifolia Shrub Malvaceae

22 Malvastrum coromandelianum Malvaceae

23 Cleome viscosa Herb Cleomaceae

24 Dalbergia sissoo Tree Leguminosae

25 Pteridium esculentum Herbs Dennstaedtiaceae

26 Chloris barbata Grass Poaceae

27 Bothriochloa pertusa Grass Poaceae

28

29 Cyperus iria Cyperaceae

30 Ruellia erecta Acanthaceae

31 Coldenia procumbens Herb Boraginaceae

32 Blumea lacera Herb Compositae

33 Chromolaena odorata Shrub Compositae

34 Combretum decandrum Combretaceae

35 Syzygium cumini Tree Myrtaceae

36 Dioscorea bulbifera Herbs Dioscoreaceae

37 Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae

38 Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae

39 Lantana camara Shrub Verbenaceae

40 Alysicarpus vaginalis Herbs Leguminosae

41 Van arhar

42 Lagascea mollis Herb Compositae

43 Eleusine coracana Herb Poaceae

44 Vernonia cinerea Shrub Asteraceae

45 Jhadu wali grass

            

S.NO BOTANICAL NAME FORM( TREE/SHRUB/HERB/GRASS)       FAMILY

1 Ficus hispida Tree Moraceae

2 Phoenix acaulis Shrub Arecaceae

3 Azadirachta indica Tree Meliaceae

4 Cassia fistula Tree Leguminosae

5 Lantana camara Shrub Verbenaceae

6 Leucaena leucocephala Tree Leguminosae

7 Asparagus racemosus Leguminosae

8 Vitex negundo Shrub Lamiaceae

9 Holoptelea integrifolia Tree Ulmaceae

10 Phragmites karka Grass Poaceae

11 Marchellia sp

12 Ipomea species

13 Typha angustifolia Typhaceae

14 Prosopis cineraria Tree Leguminosae

15 Chromolaena odorata Shrub Compositae

16 Phyllanthus leucanthus Phyllanthaceae

17 Ziziphus jujuba Tree Rhamnaceae

18 Atylosia scarabaeoides Leguminosae

19 Cassia fistula Leguminosae

20 Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae

21 Invasive species

22 Xanthium strumarium Compositae

23 Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae

24 Asteracantha longifolia Herb Acanthaceae

25 Glinus lotoides Herb Molluginaceae

26 Blumea lacera Herb Compositae

27 Convolvulus arvensis Herb Convolvulaceae

28 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae

29 Cocculus hirsutus Shrub Menispermaceae

30 Ziziphus oenoplia Tree Rhamnaceae

31 Calotropis procera Shrub Apocynaceae

32 Acacia nilotica Tree leguminosae

33 Achyranthes aspera Herb Amaranthaceae

                                             

S.NO BOTANICAL NAME FORM( TREE/SHRUB/HERB/GRASS)       FAMILY

1 Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae

2 Xanthium strumarium Shrub Compositae

3 Solanum surattense Herb Solanaceae

4 Ficus hispida Tree Moraceae

5 Phyllanthus reticulatus Phyllanthaceae

6 Cassia alata Caesalpinioideae

7 Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae

8 Abutilon indicum Herb

9 Ficus religiosa Tree Moraceae

10 Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae

11 Datura inoxia Shrub Solanaceae

12 Polygonum hydropiper Herb Polygonaceae

13 Cyperus iria Herb Cyperaceae

14 Cyperus compressus Herb Cyperaceae

15 Cyperus rotundus Herb Cyperaceae

16 Blumea lacera Herb Compositae

17 Typha angustifolia Grass Typhaceae

18 Eragrostis spcs

19 Cynodon dactylon Grass Poaceae

20 Calotropis procera Shrub Apocynaceae

21 Parthenium hysterophorus Herb Compositae

22 Chromolaena odorata Shrub Compositae

23 Prosopis cineraria Tree Leguminosae

24 Malvastrum coromandelianum Malvaceae

25 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae

26 Vitex negundo Tree Lamiaceae

27 Marchellia spcs

28 Sida spinosa Malvaceae

29 Ziziphus mauritiana

30 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae

31 Acacia nilotica Tree Leguminosae

32 Atylosia scarabaeoides Leguminosae

33 Grewia populifolia Malvaceae

34 Azadirachta indica Tree Meliaceae

35 Phyllanthus amarus Herb Phyllanthaceae

36 Ficus glumosa Shrub Moraceae

37 Ficus benjamina Shrub Moraceae

38 Cocculus hirsutus Shrub Menispermaceae

39 Cleome viscosa Herb Cleomaceae

40 Bacopa monnieri Herb Plantaginaceae

S.NO BOTANICAL NAME FORM( TREE/SHRUB/HERB/GRASS)       FAMILY

1 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae

2 Ipomoea carnea Herb Convolvulaceae

3 Prosopis cineraria Tree Leguminosae

4 Chloris barbata Grass Poaceae

5 Cynodon dactylon Grass Poaceae

6 Polygonum hydropiper Herb Polygonaceae

7 Typha angustifolia Typhaceae

8 Jhadu wali grass

9 Amaranthus indicum Amaranthaceae

10 Abutilon indicum Shrub Malvaceae

11 Alternanthera sessilis Herb Amaranthaceae

S.NO BOTANICAL NAME FORM( TREE/SHRUB/HERB/GRASS)       FAMILY

1 Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae

2 Tamarix aphylla Tree Tamaricaceae

3 Cyperus rotundus

4 Cyperus iria Herb Cyperaceae

5 Cyperus compressus Herb Cyperaceae

6 Typha angustifolia Typhaceae

7 Acacia nilotica Tree leguminosae

8 Prosopis cineraria Tree Leguminosae

9 Saccharum spontaneum Grass Poaceae

10 Cleome viscosa Herb Cleomaceae

11 Solanum surattense Herb Solanaceae

12 Cynodon dactylon Grass Poaceae

13 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Herb Verbenaceae

14 marchellia

15 Polygonum hydropiper Herb Polygonaceae

To study the species diversity

To study the species diversity, species richness and abundance of spiders in different micro-habitats: 

Establishing plot: 

A sampling plot of 40 m × 40 m size will be defined and demarcated in an area with uniform topography in any of the dense dry deciduous or mixed deciduous forest patches of five districts in Madhya Pradesh . Most of the sampling will be carried out within this sampling plot, but additional plotless sampling would also be done in places outside the plot for studying the habitat edge effects, if any. The plotless sampling would be done upto 10 m away from the sampling plot. Plotless sampling would also be carried out in areas with non-uniform/heterogenous habitat, for eg. streams or nallahs. 

Sampling days: 

Gaps between two collection phase, so as to reduce the possibility of species depletion. 

Sampling time: 

Sampling period (duration during day and night) to be mentioned here. 

Collectors: 

Number of collectors to be mentioned here. 

Methods:

Following sampling methods will be used in order to cover all the micro-habitats except high canopy/emergent layer. 

Non-destructive sampling

a. Search and find:  Searching and collecting with hand or forceps or brush and putting into vials until a height best reachable by the collector inside the plot. 

b. Beat:   Branches of trees and other vegetation will be tapped with a wooden stick while holding a 1-m square tray or cloth underneath to catch the falling specimens. 

c. Ground/Litter: Searching in forest floor and litters and then collecting by hand upto knee level. Special observation would be made to look for cryptic species which are generally  under logs, stones and litter. 

d. Sweep:  A round sweep net, with a diameter of 40 cm, will be used to sweep low herbaceous or shrub layer. The net will be emptied after every sweeps and the specimens will be collected. 

e. Pitfall traps:  A 8 cm wide and 12 cm deep open lid traps with pre-filled ethyl alcohol will be placed within every 10 m in the periphery of the plots so as to capture the species which prefers the edge. 

Destructive sampling

a. Fumigation: xx will be used as fumigant in order to fume the canopy of the tree. The specimens falling from the canopy will be collected. 

Statistical analysis

Estimate S (Colwell, 2005) will be used for biodiversity estimations like species-area curve, observed species richness and estimated richness estimates. 

Apart from this, R, a freeware statistical tool will be used to carry out one-way or multi-anovas to identify the differences among two or more associated factors acting upon the study species. Multi-anova will be used to test the differences in abundance or species richness per sample (dependent variables) between days, time of day, collectors and methods (independent factors). 

For abundance, the will be log10 (n + 1) transformed in order to control the heterogeneity of variance (Zar, 1984) so that the most common species do not disproportionately influence the results.

Photography